Mitochondrial Function in Health and Disease

Mitochondria are often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell due to their critical role in producing energy through oxidative phosphorylation. However, these organelles also play a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and regulating various metabolic processes. The balance between mitochondrial function and dysfunction is essential for overall human health, as alterations in mitochondrial function have been linked to a variety of diseases. 
 
The Special Issue in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences focuses on exploring the intricate relationship between mitochondrial function and human health and disease. One key aspect that is highlighted in this issue is the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondria during metabolic processes. ROS can cause oxidative damage to mitochondrial components such as lipids, DNA, and proteins, leading to cellular dysfunction and apoptosis. 
 
To combat ROS-induced damage, cells rely on selective autophagy mechanisms like mitophagy to eliminate damaged mitochondria. This process helps maintain the quality control of mitochondria within cells and ensures proper cellular functioning. Dysregulation of mitophagy has been implicated in various diseases including cancer, aging, and metabolic disorders. 
 
Cancer research has long recognized the importance of mitochondria in tumorigenesis. The Warburg effect describes how cancer cells preferentially utilize glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation even under aerobic conditions—a phenomenon attributed to altered mitochondrial metabolism. Recent studies have also identified signaling pathways like PI3'K/PTEN/Akt that regulate metabolic shifts towards glycolytic metabolism in cancer cells. 
 
Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that AKT kinase activity within mitochondria plays a crucial role in protecting cells from external stressors like ischemia-reperfusion injury—a common complication following organ transplantation or heart attacks. Understanding these molecular mechanisms could lead to novel therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondria for treating various diseases. 
 
Researchers interested in contributing to this special issue can submit their manuscripts online through www.mdpi.com after registering an account on the website. All submissions will undergo rigorous peer review before publication, ensuring high-quality scientific content within this special edition dedicated to unraveling the complexities of mitochondrial function. 
 
In conclusion, exploring mitochondrial function's impact on human health and disease provides valuable insights into understanding pathophysiological mechanisms underlying various disorders ranging from cancer to kidney disease. By elucidating these molecular pathways governing mitochondrial biology, researchers aim to develop targeted therapies aimed at restoring normal cellular functions disrupted by dysfunctional mitochondria—an exciting frontier with vast implications for future medical advancements.